Guten Morgen an alle!
Ich habe eine Frage, wer hätte die Zeit mir, das zu lesen und mir die Fehler zu verbessern. Ich währe euch sehr dankbar. Mein Englischlehrer hat mir den Auftrag gegeben, eine Hausarbeit über Globalisierung zu schreiben. Da ich nicht so gut in Englisch bin habe ich mir mühe gegeben, weiß leider nicht ob das was ich geschrieben habe richtig, Englisch geschrieben ist. Von dieser Hausarbeit hängt meine Note ab. Ich habe erst den ganzen Text auf Deutsch geschrieben und dann auf Englisch (Infos über Globalisierung auf Deutsch gesucht).
Ich währe Ihnen sehr dankbar, wenn sie mir helfen könnten.
Liebe grüße
Kevin
P.S.
Sitemap
1 Mixed feelings on Globalisation in Germany
2 Globalisation - what is it?
3 German economy benefits from globalization
1.3 Degree of openness and export shares
2.3 Employment impact of foreign direct investment
4 Impact of globalization on the labor market
1.4 Globalization requires more flexibility in the labor market
2.4 Low-skilled workers as losers of globalization?
4.3 Migration as a burden on the labor market?
5 Globalization - more opportunity than threat
1 Mixed feelings on Globalisation in Germany
Globalization is a phenomenon with many facets. One hand, globalization appears as something abstract, which is far away. On the other hand, many effects of globalization are felt quite concretely. A comprehensive inventory and assessment of globalization is beyond the scope of this paper. Moreover, the discussion is completed on this subject at all. But the fact is that globalization is felt especially in the labor market by many as a threat - from the perspective of those directly affected, this is certainly understandable.
Globalisation offers many opportunities but also who are in the public debate and perception sometimes something in the background. Today I would like to make a few observations about the impact of globalization on the German economy. It is also about the question of how to use opportunities of globalization, while the resulting inevitable burden of adjustment can be limited.
Public opinion has a positive assessment of globalization so far not implemented, although some of the benefits of globalization, such as an expanded product and service offering and lower prices should range from clothing and shoes or in the entertainment of the population considered almost been taken for granted be.
2 Globalisation - what is it?
The opportunities of globalization lie in the possibilities of increasing the overall productivity - thanks to increasing international division of labor and specialization, using the comparative cost advantages. In this case, cutting and relocation of production processes to foreign countries play an important role. More and more businesses and economies participating in the exchange of goods and services on a global level, goods and services are traded in increasing volume. From globalization in terms of increased cross-border power exchange resulting obvious advantages, especially an increase in consumption possibilities. Besides a large amount of already known products the consumers are at home in the inclusion of trade relations and a wider selection of comparable products, and sometimes entirely new products. These direct benefits will also be complemented by other, more indirect benefits that are longer of great importance, such as the dynamic effects of an intense competition or a more rapid spread of technical knowledge in the corporate sector. Were only briefly mentioned the benefits from the increasing financial globalization, which I will not go today but more. Globalization is not a direct phenomenon of the late twentieth century.
The merchandise trade operated for thousands of years is something like the germ of globalization dar. The characteristics, however, by the recent history of previous eras, differs among the almost explosive growth of world trade and the emergence of new trading nations.
The global goods and services trade reached according to IMF data for the period from the late eighties until the end of the nineties, an average of over five trillion dollars a year. In the subsequent period, the annual average to over 10 trillion U.S. dollars has doubled, and for the past year, the IMF expects a value of around 14 ½ billion U.S. dollars.
It is also noteworthy that international trade is growing rapidly for decades, as global economic performance. In the nineties of the last century with an average of 6.5% of world trade expanded more than twice as fast as the real economic performance, which grew annually during the period rose by just 3%. The development of foreign trade reflects a significant strengthening of the international division of labor, not least because of growing economic integration of emerging economies, particularly China. But India and the ASEAN countries, major economies in Latin America and the former is not market-oriented countries in Central and Eastern Europe must be mentioned here.
Globalization has meant that the economic weight of emerging countries has increased very significantly in recent years. The percentage of this group of countries in global exports of around 20% in 1970 to more than 40% in 2005 has increased. The emerging markets have also become an important growth engine of the global economy. China has doubled its real income in less than ten years, developed countries like Britain or the United States would require about half of this century. In 2005, the first time more than half of world GNP was generated in emerging markets when the rated gross domestic product at purchasing power parity basis sets.
A side effect of this growth shift from the traditional industrial countries, to emerging economies is that in 2005 accounted for this group of countries, more than half of global energy consumption. About 80% of the increase in global oil demand over the last five years is due to the increasing energy consumption in the emerging markets. Given the growing importance of these countries for the global economy and its high growth momentum is assumed that energy prices will remain relatively high despite the current relaxation.
3 German economy benefits from globalization
1.3 Degree of openness and export shares
The current structure and weight shifts in the world economy as a result of globalization should not blind us to ensure that the German economy, with its traditionally strong export sector has long been successfully integrated into the global economy. German exports made in recent years from about 35% - 40% of GDP. Last year Germany became the fourth consecutive time world champion in exports in goods trade, the German foreign economic ties characterizes critical.
Globalization has reinforced the strong international focus for decades the German economy in recent years. The development of the degree of openness of the German economy, the ratio of exports and imports to GNP, reflects this trend. The degree of openness is in
Germany traditionally been quite high. He is a good 60% of GDP in 1990 to over 75% in 2005 - figures for 2006 are not yet available - increased. Compared to other major industrial countries, Germany can therefore be described as a very open economy. For the U.S. and Japan, the comparative figures in 2005 were both 27%. The increasing foreign economic ties of the German economy is also reflected in the fact that the import content of exports in recent years has increased significantly from 31% in 1995 to 41.5% in 2005.
In the battle for export shares, the German export economy hit compared with other developed countries well. While have fallen in the last ten years, the real stakes in the world exports in most G7 countries, for example in the U.S. by about 13% to over 10% and in Japan by over 8% to just 7%, Germany has been the mid-nineties, export shares gained - that is at a stage in the intensified process of globalization continues. In 2005, the export share of Germany at just under 9%, about par with the fast-growing share of China.
However, the real world market share of Asia (excluding Japan) in the last ten years has increased by 9 percentage points to 27%, of which account for around one-third to China. Be advantageous for Germany reveals that exports are emerging on the world markets in relation to the offer of the German export industry more complementary than substitutive. As a typical example of a complementary division of labor is the exchange of primary goods to manufactured goods produced by industry, as he is in trade between developing and developed countries common. When complementary trade between emerging and developed countries on the other hand are more likely to availability temporary differences - for example in relation to the state of the used in the production of technical knowledge - play an important role, which may, over time, but lost. The facts speak for it currently has, that the German economy is by no means falling behind globalization, but rather benefited from it.
What is behind the export successes of the German economy? Empirical evidence is that most responsible one high-quality products for the German export success is. Meanwhile, emerging economies are also increasingly able, technologically sophisticated products inexpensive to produce and therefore inexpensive to offer. But in China today, about half of all computers are built.
The competition forces thus developed countries such as Germany, to develop new production processes and products, and rapidly returned to application and commercialization. Here in the first place the creativity and innovation by business is in demand. The state can support these processes, especially through the provision of a broad-based educational infrastructure. This underlines the importance of an efficient education system for the future viability of the German economy.
Also take advantage of their opportunities to German companies, parts of the production shift to cheaper locations abroad. The relocation of production abroad is usually associated with direct investment. German companies have been particularly active in the last 15 years particularly strong in the EU new Member States from Central and Eastern Europe, in addition, the traditionally strong commitment in the U.S. continued. Starting from a value close to zero in 1990 had in 2005 already 6% of the stock of German FDI in Central and Eastern European countries. In the United States in 1990 accounted for about 23% and in 2005 around 33%. On the Southeast Asian NICs and China accounted last year by 2% and 1%, however, only small proportions of the total stock of German foreign investment, despite strong growth of German direct investment in these countries.
In recent years, FDI in the services sector have become increasingly important. In 2002 already accounted for 60% of the global stock of FDI in the services sector. For the German firms in 2004 even 70% of their direct investment accounted for this sector, in particular financial services played a major role. In the services sector, the global perspective has gained in importance. As before in the goods markets also in services, international competition has increased greatly. To that extent, skilled service workers in developed countries from the effects of globalization are concerned about the scale and there are very different estimates.
The question of how German foreign direct investment on employment in Germany overall impact is not easy to answer. Thus, with the relocation of labor and thus cost of production and service processes to lower cost countries in partial view, first, a loss of domestic jobs connected. The herewith-related FDI, which are also known as vertical direct investment, should, in fact, the motive of the cost to play the decisive role. Of these, the horizontal direct investment are distinguished, primarily engaged in the markets. It is interesting to note that the country in which the investor is established, and the country is invested in that are very similar in economic terms. Finally there are the direct investment, which will primarily support the sales of domestically produced products.
The latter two forms of direct investment, which will be held for the purpose of market development and the improvement of distribution structures contribute significantly to the creation and protection of domestic jobs. And it is these two forms are among the foreign direct investment of German companies at the forefront, has revealed how a survey of the German Chambers of Industry and Commerce in the spring of last year. This is true even for the regions to invest in which German companies certainly due to the existing cost advantage like, especially in the new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe.
Visible in direct investment of German business abroad only a threat to jobs in Germany does, so far too short. While from a moving manufacturing jobs to be lost inevitably. In macroeconomic terms, but even this must not necessarily be the case for the tests carried out mainly for reasons of cost foreign direct investment. In Germany, may well established in other places of employment or for existing ones, at least backed up because the cost advantage that is to be realized with a shift of production abroad, the cost structure, thus improving the productivity and competitiveness of German companies as a whole.
In summary, we can say that the foreign direct investment of German companies have a positive impact on their export business. Empirical studies can also recognize that should affect German foreign direct investment in the longer term positive impact on investment in Germany and that the employment effect in Germany should therefore tend to turn out positive. Of course, it is difficult to quantify this effect. Sometimes even prepared to measure the employment effects of foreign direct investment due to restrictions of the available data material on both individual as well as at the macroeconomic level, big trouble. An estimate of the labor demand function in the context of the macroeconomic model of the Bundesbank showed that the foreign employment of German companies has a slightly positive long term impact on labor demand in Germany. This also suggests that the direct investment by German companies abroad, at least give the long-term employment in Germany a boost.
4 Impact of globalization on the labor market
4.1 Globalisations require more flexibility in the labor market
The general unemployment and the level of employment has changed into Germany over the past decade, although barely. A closer look reveals, however, that the German labor market position in the last ten years compared to the other Western industrial countries - the countries of the euro area and from the UK and the USA - less absolute, but rather has become relatively poorer.
The unemployment rate (adjusted and harmonized form) increased in the years 1995 to 2005 by 1 ½ percentage points annually during the period of employment is only 1 ½% - or by ¼% - increased. In contrast, the labor market situation of many countries in the euro zone since the mid-nineties, has improved considerably. While the unemployment rate in Germany in 1995, about two percentage points below the euro area average, so she was already increased in 2005 by one percentage point above that average out. Currently, the German unemployment rate, despite recently declining trend is still at almost 10%. For comparison: In the euro area, the unemployment rate in the last year has fallen below 8%, and even here the trend continues downward.
Even in employment, the deterioration of the relative position of Germany is clear. Thus, at the German employment rate, the rate in 1995 was 6 ½ percentage points above the euro area average, reduces this buffer until the year 2005 to just two percentage points. Employment grew in the euro area annually during this period by 1 ¼% - the same rate as in the U.S. and considerably faster than in Germany, where employment, as mentioned, only ¼% has increased annually.
The Scientific Advisory Board of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs, sees this development, however, no inherent or immutable consequence of globalization. He points out that had some European countries - including Britain, Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands - a much lower unemployment than Germany, although they also had to come to terms with the impact of globalization on their labor markets.